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[ Home Page | Foreign Policy | Western and Central Europe ]
The countries of western and central Europe occupy, without any doubt, a prominent place in Greece's international relations. The historical bonds uniting Greece the western and central Europe are long-standing and multi-faceted. Nowadays, Greece's bilateral cooperation with these countries is constantly developing, in scope and in depth, to cover practically every field of activity. This is something that would reasonably be expected, not only for obvious historical and geographical reasons, but also owning to the fact that all these countries, together with Greece, are active participants in that enterprise of historic dimensions which has become known as the "European integration process". This holds true with respect to the current 15 EU Member States and the 10 acceding countries, as well as with respect to those countries in western Europe which, without being members of the EU (e.g., Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) are, nevertheless, very closely associated with it within a special institutional framework ("European Economic Area-EEA", "European Free Trade Association-EFTA").
AUSTRIA
A. General facts
Area 83,858 km2
Population 8,100,000
Nopulation growth rate 0.23%
President Thomas KLESTIL
Chancellor Wolfgand SCHUESSEL (Popular Party)
Minister of Foreign Affairs Benita Ferrero-Waldner (Popular Party)
Currency Euro
Austria is a Federal Parliamentary Republic. The Head of State is the President of the Republic, Thomas Klestil.
The legislative branch consists of the Federal Council (Bunderversammlung) and the National Assembly (Bundesrat). The 64 members of the Federal Council represent the nine federal states (Bundeslander) and are elected for a six-year term. The 183 members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 24 November, 2002, the Popular Party of Prime Minister Schuessel won 79 seats in the National Assembly and after months of consultations formed a coalition government with the Freedom Party, thus securing 97 seats. The opposition parties (Social Democratic Party and the Greens Alternative) occupy 86 seats.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners in the European Union.
Austrian visits in 2003
- Minister of Foreign Affairs Mrs. Benita Ferrero-Waldner in Athens on 10 February
- Minister of Transport, Innovation and Technology, Mr. Hubert Gorbach, in Athens on 19 March.
Bilateral trade
- In 2002 Greek exports (fruits and vegetables, tobacco, pharmaceutical products, textiles, electrical appliances, fashion accessories) to Austria totaled 128.9 million and Greek imports (machinery, telecommunication equipment, vehicles, fertilizers, natural gas, meat) reached 454.6 million, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece at 325.7 million.
- It is estimated that 4,500 Greeks currently live in Austria
CZECH REPUBLIC
A. General Facts
Area 79,000 sq.km
Population 10,314,000
Population growth rate -0.07%
Head of State Vaclav KLAUS
Prime Minister Vladimir Spidla (Social Democrat)
Foreign Minister Cyril Svoboda (Christian Democrat)
Currency Czech Crown (CZK)
The Czech Republic is a Parliamentary Republic. Head of State is the President, who is elected for 5 years by the Parliament.
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and by the Senate (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one third elected every two years).
On 1 January 1993 the Czech Republic became independent following the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
B. Overview of Political Situation
The Czech Social Democratic Party (CSSD) won the General Election (30%) on 14-15.6.2002, and formed a coalition with the Christian Democrat and Freedom Union Parties (14.27%). On 15.7.2002 the new Government was formed with a majority of 1 seat in Parliament (101 seats).
President Vaclav Havel's 13-year term came to an end on 2.2.2003. Vaclav Klaus was elected President by the Parliament on 28.2.2003.
C. Overview of bilateral relations with Greece / visits
Greece and the Czech Republic are NATO allies and will soon be partners in the EU (the Czech Republic signed the Accession Treaty in Athens on 16 April, 2003, and will become a full member by 1 May, 2004).
Visits
- Deputy Minister of Defense of the Hellenic Republic Mr Lotidis to Prague (29-31.10.2002).
- Working Meeting of the First Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic Mr Kohout with Alternate Minister for Foreign Affairs Mr Giannitsis in Athens (7-9.4.2003).
D. Further elements of bilateral interest
- Bilateral trade between Greece and the Czech Republic has the potential to increase further, since the two economies are complementary. In 2002 the trade balance was negative for Greece (-$78m), since of the total trade volume, which reached $200m (+8%), zech exports to Greece represented $139m, while Greece's exports only $61m. Greek investments reached $2.3m within the first semester of 2002.
- The Czech Republic is a rising tourist market for Greece, as 210,000 Czech tourists visit Greece every year.
The Cultural Agreement signed by Greece and the then Republic of Czechoslovakia in Prague (10.2.1976) is still in force, based upon a relevant agreement between Greece and the Czech Republic. The last Implementation Programme of this Agreement was signed in Prague on 12.9.2001.
- An estimated 3,500 Greeks, with dual nationality, are living in the Czech Republic.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
A. General facts
Area 357,021 km2
Population 83,251,851
Population growth rate 0.26%
President Johannes RAU
Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (SPD)
Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph FISCHER (Greens)
Currency Euro
Germany is a Parliamentary Republic with a federal structure. The Head of State is the Federal President, who is elected every five years by the Federal Parliament and the representatives of the Federal States (Laender).
The legislative branch is comprised of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag, 603 seats) and the Federal Council (Bundesrat, 68 seats). The latter consists of the representatives of the 16 Laender (States). The States enjoy a great degree of autonomy.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 22 September, 2002, the ruling coalition of the Socialdemocrats (SPD) and the Greens emerged victorious, securing a narrow majority of just 11 seats over the Christian-Democratic Union (CDU-CSU) and the Liberals (FDP).
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the EU and NATO.
German visits in 2003
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. J. Fischer to Athens on 18.01.2003
Greek visits in 2003
- Minister of Justice Mr. Ph. Petsalnikos to Berlin on 3.02.2003
- Minister of Public Order Mr. M. Chrysochoides to Berlin on 21.02.2003
- Minister of Development Mr. A. Tsohatzopoulos to Berlin on 8-10.03.2003
- Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr. I. Magriotis to Berlin on 14-15.03.2003
Bilateral issues
- Germany has traditionally been the most important trade partner for Greece. Between January and October 2002 the total volume of trade between the two countries reached 5.44 billion. Germany absorbs 11.2% of Greek exports (ranks first among export partners) and provides 14.5% of Greek imports. Greek exports to Germany (textiles, fruits and vegetables, tobacco, food and beverages) totaled 1.3 billion during the above-mentioned period, while Greek imports (vehicles, pharmaceuticals, machinery) reached 4.13 billion, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to 2.81 billion.
- Approximately 2 million German tourists visit Greece every year.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1956 is implemented by the Joint Greco-German Cultural Committee.
- It is estimated that 380,000 Greeks are living in Germany. The major areas of Greek presence are the Federal States of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bayern.
FRENCH REPUBLIC
A. General facts
Area 547,030 km2
Population 59,500,000
Population growth rate 0.35%
President Jacques Chirac
Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin
Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin
Currency Euro
France is a Parliamentary Republic. The Head of State is President Jacques Chirac.
The legislative branch consists of the Senate (Senat) and the National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale). The 321 members of the Senate (296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and 12 for French nationals abroad) are elected by an electoral college for a nine-year term. The 577 members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last presidential elections, on 21 April (1st round) and 5 May, 2002 (2nd round), Jacques Chirac was re-elected for a second five-year term. In the parliamentary elections of 16 June, 2002, the Rally for the Republic (R.P.R) won 355 seats in the National Assembly. The opposition includes the Socialist Party, the center-right Union for French Democracy (U.D.F.), the French Communist Party, the Radical Party (P.R.) the Greens and various smaller parties, and occupies 222 seats.
On 17.11.2002 a new political party was formed under the name "Union pour um Mouvement Populaire - U.M.P." with A. Juppe as its leader, consisting of the following parties: R.P.R, D.L. (Democratie Liberale) and parts of U.D.F.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
Greek visits in 2003
- Minister of National Defense, Mr. I. Papantoniou in Paris on 15 April
- Deputy Minister of National Defense, Mr. L. Apostolides in Paris on 15-18 June
Bilateral issues
- France ranks third among Greece's trade partners and is the sixth largest export market for Greek products. In 2002 Greek exports (textiles, clothing, agricultural products, ores, aluminum products, fish, pharmaceutical products, cement, building material) reached 644.75 million and French exports (meat products, automobiles, pharmaceutical products, aircraft, machinery, electronic equipment) totaled 2,640.84 million, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to 1,996.09 million.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1938 is enforced by means of implementation programmes. The last such programme was signed in Athens in 1993. The French Institute in Athens further promotes the cultural presence of France in Greece.
- The French Archeological School in Athens was established in 1846, and for more than 150 years has been conducting excavations in various parts of Greece.
GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG
A. General facts
Area 2,590 km2
Population 448,300
Population growth rate 1.25%
Monarch Grand Duke Henri (since 2000)
Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker
Minister of Foreign Affairs Lydie Polfer
Currency Euro
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a Constitutional Monarchy. Grand Duke Henri has been the Head of State since 2000.
The legislative branch consists of the Parliament (Chambre des Deputes), whose 60 members are elected for a five-year term.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 13 June, 1999, the Christian Social Party won 19 seats in the Parliament and formed a government with the Democratic Party, thus securing a 34-seat majority in the Parliament. The Socialist Workers Party, the Action Committee for Democracy and Justice, the Green Party and the Left form the opposition with 26 seats.
C. Overview of bilateral relations
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
Bilateral issues
- The total volume of trade between Greece and Luxembourg rose considerably in 2002 reaching 37.95 million. Greek exports (food, food, textiles) totaled 2.84 million whereas Greek imports (steel products, plastic products, audiovisual equipment) reached 35.1 million, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to 32.27 million. The exports of Luxembourg to Greece represent 0.39% of the total exports of the Grand Duchy, while the imports from Greece represent just 0.02% of the total imports of Luxembourg.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1990 is being implemented through the new three-year Cultural Programme signed on 6.07.2001.
- It is estimated that 2,000 Greeks, mainly staff members (and their families) of EU institutions based in Luxembourg, live in the Grand Duchy.
IRELAND (EIRE)
A. General facts
Area 70,283 km2
Population 3,880,000
Population growth rate 1.07%
President Mary Mac Aleese
Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Bertie Ahern
Minister of Foreign Affairs Brian Cowen
Currency Euro
Ireland is a Parliamentary Republic. The Head of State is the President of the Republic, Mary Mac Aleese.
The legislative branch consists of the Senate (Seanad Eireann) with 60 seats and the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann) with 166 seats. Of the 60 senators, 11 are nominated by the Prime Minister, six are elected from the two main universities and 43 are elected from five vocational panels. The senators and the members of the House of Representatives serve five-year terms.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 17 May, 2002, the ruling party "Fianna Fail" of Prime Minister B. Ahern won 81 seats in the House of Representatives and formed a coalition government with the "Progressive Democrats", thus securing a 89-seat majority. The opposition consists of "Fine Gael", the Labour Party, the Green Party, "Sinn Fein" and independents with 77 seats.
C. Overview of bilateral relations
Both countries are partners in the European Union.
Bilateral issues
- For the period from January to July 2002 the total volume of trade between Greece and Ireland reached 249.04 million US dollars. Greek exports (textiles, medical and pharmaceutical products, telecommunication equipment) were estimated at 28.8 million and Greek imports (computers, chemicals, medical and pharmaceutical products) at 219.24 million dollars, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece at 191.16 million.
- It is estimated that 50,000 Irish tourists visit Greece every year.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1980 is realised through implementation programmes.
- It is estimated that 60 Greek families, mostly mixed marriages, currently live in Ireland.
ITALY
A. General facts
Area 301,230 km2
Population 57,600,000
Population growth rate 0.05%
Government type Parliamentary republic
President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI
Prime Minister Silvio BERLUSCONI (Forza Italia)
Currency Euro
Italy is a Parliamentary Republic. President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is the Head of State; he was elected in 1999 for a seven-year term.
The legislative branch consists of the Senate (Senato della Repubblica)
with 315 seats and the Parliament (Camera dei Deputati) with 630 seats. Their members are elected for a five-year term, although a small number of lifetime senators is provided for.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 13 May, 2001, the ruling coalition under Prime Minister S. Berlusconi, called "House of Liberties" - which consists of the political parties Forza Italia, Northern League, National Alliance and CCD-CDU - won a majority in both the Senate (177 seats) and the Parliament (367 seats). The opposition coalition, called "Olive Tree", which consists of the Democrats of the Left, Party of Italian Communists, two smaller coalitions called "Daisy Alliance" and "Sunflower Alliance", the Communist Refoundation Party and independents, gathered 128 senators and 248 members of the Parliament.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
Greek visits in 2003
- Minister of Agriculture Mr. G. Dris in Rome (9 January)
- Minister of Public Order, Mr. M. Chrysochoides in Rome (6 February)
Italian visits in 2003
- Deputy Minister of Defense, Mr. F. Berseli in Athens (20-21.05.2003)
D. Areas of bilateral interest
- Italy is traditionally Greece's second most important trade partner. Italy absorbs 9.6% of Greek exports and covers 12.7% of the total Greek imports. Greek-Italian trade represents 12.3% of total Greek trade. Greece ranks 10th among Italy's trade partners, receiving 1.94% of Italian exports. The trade deficit for Greece, in 2002 figures, is 4.30 billion; Greek exports (fish, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products, non-iron ores, clothing) totaled 1.21 billion and Greek imports (automobiles, medical and pharmaceutical products, chemicals, textiles, shoes, clothing accessories, tobacco, cereals, machinery, furniture) reached 5.51 billion.
- The Cultural Agreement signed in Rome on 11.09.1954 is enacted through implementation programmes. The last such programme was signed in Athens on 2.04.2003 and is valid until 2005.
- The Institute for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine studies was established in Venice in 1951. Its objective is to promote scientific research: the Institute publishes books, organizes seminars, offers scholarships and provides free accommodation for scholars.
- The Italian Archeological School in Greece was founded in 1909.
- Greece and Italy, along with Egypt and Iran, are engaged in a special cultural cooperation initiative for the study of ancient civilizations, a framework known as "Ancient Civilizations: Implications for the Modern World".
- It is estimated that 25,000 Greeks live in Italy.
KINGDOM OF BELGIUM
A. General facts
Area 30,547 km2
Population 10,239,085
Population growth rate 0.15%
Monarch King Albert II
Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (VLD)
Minister of Foreign Affairs Louis MICHEL (MR)
Currency Euro
The Kingdom of Belgium is a Constitutional Monarchy of a federal structure. King Albert II the Head of State is since 1993.
After the signing of the Saint Michel Agreement, in 1992, and the constitutional reforms of 1993 Belgium evolved into a federal state, which consists of three Communities (Flemish, Francophone and German-speaking) and three Regions (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels).
According to the constitution the federal legislative branch includes the Senate (Senaat/S?nat) with 71 seats (41 senators are elected by popular vote, 21 are nominated by the Communities and 10 are appointed, all serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (Kamer van Volksvertengenwoordigers / Chambre des Repr?sentants) with 150 members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.
Each of the three Communities and Regions has its own government and parliament.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last federal elections, on 18 May 2003, the ruling parties VLD (Flemish Liberal Democrats), SP.a - Spirit (Flemish Socialists), PS (Francophone Socialist Party), and MR (Francophone Liberals) won 97 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and on 8 July 2003 formed a coalition government. The opposition, which occupies 53 seats, includes the CD&V (Christian Democrats & Flemish), the CDH (Francophone Liberals), the Vlaams Blok (Flemish), NVA (Flemish) and FN (Francophone).
Overview of Bilateral issues
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
- In 2002 Greek exports (textile, tobacco, foodstuffs, wine, olive oil, plastic and aluminum products) to Belgium reached 218.95 million euros and Belgian exports (vehicles, plastic materials, machinery, iron and steel products) totaled 1,188.11 million euros, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece at 969.16 million euros.
- Approximately 360,000 Belgians visited Greece in 2002.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1954 is instituted by means of implementation programmes, which are signed separately with the three Communities. The most recent implementation programmes were signed in 1997 with the Francophone and the Flemish Community.
- It is estimated that approximately 35,000 Greeks currently live in Belgium, of which 18,000 in Brussels, 4,500 in Charleroi, 3,000 in Liege, 2,500 in Mons-Carignon and 2,000 in Gent.
KINGDOM OF DENMARK
A. General facts
Area 43,076 km2
Population 5,200,000
Population growth rate 0.29%
Monarch Queen MARGRETHE II (since 1972)
Prime Minister Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN
Minister of Foreign Affairs Per Stig MOELLER
Currency Danish krone
The Kingdom of Denmark is a Constitutional Ionarchy. The Head of State, since 1972, is Queen Margrethe II.
The legislative branch consists of the Parliament (Folketing), whose 179 members are elected for a four-year term. Four deputies in the Parliament represent the autonomous areas of Faroe Islands and Greenland.
B. Overview of political situation
It the last elections, on 20 November, 2001, the Liberal Party of Prime Minister A. F. Rasmussen won 56 seats in the Parliament and formed a government. The Danish People's Party, the Conservative Party and the Christian People's Party support the center-right government, thus securing a 99-seat majority in the Parliament against an opposition (Socialists) of 80 seats. The government was formed by members of the Liberal and Conservative Party only.
C. Overview of bilateral relations
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
Bilateral issues
- Commercial exchanges between Greece and Denmark are relatively low. The total volume of trade reached 585.7 million in 2002, of which 467.6 million corresponded to Greek imports and 118.1 million to Greek exports, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to 349.5 million.
- Approximately 300,000 Danes visit Greece annually.
- It is estimated that 800 Greeks live in Denmark.
KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
A. General facts
Area 41,864 km2
Population 16,060,000
Population growth rate 0.53%
Monarch Queen BEATRIX (since1980)
Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE
Minister of Foreign Affairs Jaap G. De HOOP SCHEFFER
Currency Euro
The Netherlands is a Constitutional Monarchy. Queen Beatrix has been the Head of State is since 1980.
The legislative branch consists of the First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and the Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer). The 75 members of the First Chamber are elected by the 12 provincial councils for a four-year term. The 150 members of the Second Chamber are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last parliamentary elections, on 22 January, 2003, the ruling Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) of Prime Minister J. P. Balkenende won 44 seats in the Second Chamber and on 25.05.2003 a coalition government was formed with the conservative VVD party and the centrist D'66, thus securing a 78-seat majority. The opposition (Labour Party, Socialist Party, List Pim Fortuyn, Greens, Christian Union Party and Reform Party) occupies 72 seats in the Second Chamber.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
Greek visits in 2003
- Minister of Merchant Marine, Mr. Ch. Anomeritis in The Hague on 18 February.
Bilateral issues
- Greek exports (fruits, textiles) to the Netherlands in 2001 reached 329 million and Dutch exports (spirits, tobacco, chemicals, machinery, transport equipment) to Greece totaled 2,045 million, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to 1,716 million. Greece ranks 14th among consumers of Dutch products.
- It is estimated that approximately 500,000 Dutch tourists visit Greece every year.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1953 is realised by means of implementation programmes. The last such programme was signed in Athens on 5.04.2002.
- It is estimated that 6-7 thousand Greeks live in the Netherlands
KINGDOM OF NORWAY
A. General facts
Area 386,958 km2
Population 4,530,400 /growth rate: 0.47%
Head of State King Harald V
(17.01.1991)
Prime Minister e. Kjell Magne Bondevik (leader of Christian People's Party)
Foreign Minister e. Jan Petersen (Leader of Conservative Party)
Currency Norwegian krone (NOK)
Norway is a Constitutional Monarchy.
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament (Storting), which consists of 165 members elected to serve four-year terms.
A. Overview of political situation
General elections were last held on 10/9/2001. The new government is a coalition of the Conservative Party, 38 seats, the Christian People's Party, 22 seats, and the Liberal Party, 2 seats, under Prime Minister Mr. Bondevik, leader of the Christian People's Party, and Foreign Minister Mr Jan Petersen, leader of the Conservative Party.
C. Overview of bilateral relations with Greece / Visits
Greece and Norway are NATO allies.
2003 Visits
- Prime Minister of Norway Mr. Kjell Bondevik to Athens, 24.01.2003.
- Foreign Minister of Norway Mr Jan Petersen to Athens, 19.02.2003.
D. Areas of bilateral interest
- Bilateral trade between Greece and Norway is limited, while the balance of trade is negative for Greece (2001: -62.65%), due to the shipbuilding orders by Greek companies to Norwegian shipyards. During 2001, Norwegian exports to Greece reached $104m and its imports from Greece $41.35m. Norway imports aluminum products, fish products, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, and paper products from Greece and exports fuel, textiles, pharmaceutical and alimentary products. Greece accounts for 0.1% of Norway's import market and 0.4% of its export market.
- Cultural relations between Greece and Norway are regulated by the Bilateral Cultural Agreement (1976) and a Protocol for the granting scholarships by both sides.
- In 2000, Approximately 300,000 Norwegian tourists visited Greece, their most popular tourist destination.
- It is estimated that 350 Greeks live in Norway.
KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
A. General facts
Area 449,964 km2
Population 8,941,000
Population growth rate 0.02%
Monarch King Carl XVI Gustaf (since 1973)
Prime Minister Mr. Goran PERSSON (SDP)
Minister of Foreign Affairs Ms. Anna LINDH (SDP)
Currency Swedish krona
Sweden is a constitutional monarchy. King Carl XVI Gustav is the Head of State. Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament, which has 349 deputies elected by popular vote to serve a four-year term.
B. Overview of political situation
At the last elections of 15 September 2002 the ruling Social Democratic Party (SDP) came first winning 39.84% of the vote (up 3.5% from the 1998 election) and 144 out of 349 seats in the Parliament. Abstention reached 12%. The SDP formed a minority government and has the support of the Left Party and the Green Party in the Parliament. The opposition in the Parliament consists of the Moderates, the Liberals, the Christian Democrats and the Center Party with 158 seats in total.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners in the European Union.
Greek visits in 2003
- Deputy Minister of National Defense, Mr. L. Apostolides in Stockholm (2-4.04.2003)
D. Areas of bilateral interest
- Sweden is one of Greece's principal trade partners in the European Union. For the period January-September 2002 Greek exports to Sweden (clothing, fruits and vegetables, steel, electrical appliances, pharmaceuticals, milk) totaled $103.5 million and Swedish imports (telecommunication products, paper products, pharmaceuticals, electrical appliances, pulp and wood, fish, spirits) reached $301.7 million, bringing the trade deficit for Greece to $198.2 million.
- Approximately 500,000 Swedish tourists visit Greece every year.
- The Mixed Greek-Swedish Cultural Committee convenes regularly, as stipulated by the bilateral Accord of Special Measures for Cultural Relations, signed in 1990.
- It is estimated that 20.000 Greeks are living in Sweden.
REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA
A. General Facts
Area 45,215 km2
Population 1,453,844
Population Growth Rate -0.52%
Head of State President Arnold Ruutel
Prime Minister Juhan Parts
Foreign Minister Kristina Ojuland
Currency Estonian kroon
Ohe Republic of Estonia is a Parliamentary Democracy. Head of State is the President, who is elected for five-year terms (maximum 2) by the Parliament.
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms).
B. Overview of political situation
The last general elections were held on 2.3.2003 and the participation rate was 57.5%. On 9.4.2003 the new Government was formed following the coalition of three parties: Res Publica (Centre to right, 28 seats, 24.6%), Reform (centre to right, 19 seats, 17.7%) and People's Union (of central orientation, 13 seats, 13%) under Prime Minister Mr Juhan Parts, leader of "Res Publica".
C. Overview of bilateral relations with Greece / visits
Greece and Estonia will be partners in EU and NATO in the near future, given that Estonia will become a full member of the European Union by 1 May 2004, while during the same period the procedures for its accession to NATO are expected to be concluded.
Visits
27-29.6.2002, Alternate MFA of the Hellenic Republic to Estonia (meeting with Prime Minister Mr Kallas and MFA Mrs Ojuland).
D. Elements of bilateral interest
- Greece's trade balance has been positive with a slight surplus for Greece during recent years (with the exception of 1998)
- It is estimated that approximately 200 Russian-speaking Greeks live in Estonia.
- A Cultural Agreement was recently signed and ratified between the two countries (April 2003).
REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY
Area 93,036 sq. km
Population 10,075,034
Population growth rate -0.3 %
Head of state Ferenc MADL (since 6.6.2002)
Prime Minister Peter MEDGYESSY
Foreign Minister Laszlo KOVACS
Currency Forint
The Republic of Hungary is a Parliamentary Republic. Head of State is the President, who is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly.
Legislative authority is exercised by the National Assembly (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms).
A. Overview of political situation
General elections were held in April 2002 and the conservative coalition between FIDESZ (168 seats), led by former Prime Minister Viktor Orban (1998-2002) and their allies, the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF-20 seats) received 48.70% of the votes and 188 seats, while the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) received 46.11% and 178 seats. In 27.05.2002 a new government emerged from a coalition of the Hungarian Socialist Party and the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ 5.56%, 20 seats), under Prime Minister Peter Medgyessy .
C. Overview of bilateral relations with Greece / visits
Greece and Hungary are NATO allies and will soon be partners in the EU; the Republic of Hungary signed the Accession Treaty in Athens on 16 April 2003 and will become a full member of the European Union by 1 May 2004.
Visits 2002, 2003.
- Alternate Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic Mr. Giannitsis in Budapest, 14-15/02/2002.
- Prime Minister of Hungary Mr P.Medgyessy in Athens 29-30/01/2003.
D. Further elements of bilateral interest
- Trade balance is negative for Greece, owing to the comparatively small volume of Greek exports. During the nine-month period Jan-Sept. 2002 Greek exports to Hungary increased by 14.5% and Hungarian exports to Greece by 13.2%. In 2001 the total volume of trade was $173.89m, out of which Greece's exports were only $56.5m, while Hungary's exports to Greece in 2001 reached $117.3m (+23,2%).
- Approximately 80 Greek companies are established in Hungary, mostly dealing with tourism, trade, industry, transportation, and services. Greek investment capital totaled $100m, reaching 0.5% of the total of foreign investment in Hungary.
- Approximately 250,000 Hungarian tourists visit Greece every year
- Cultural relations between the two countries are regulated by the Cultural Agreement of 1977, which is realized through three-year Implementation Programs (the last one is under realization and covers the period 2002-2005).
- It is estimated that 4,000 Greeks reside in Hungary.
REPUBLIC OF ICELAND
Area 103,000 km2
Population 286,275 /growth rate 0.52%
Head of State President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON
Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30.4.1991)
Foreign Minister Halldor ASGRIMSSON
Currency Icelandic krona (ISK)
Ohe Republic of Iceland is a Parliamentary Republic. Head of State is the President, with significant executive authorities and elected directly by the people for a 4-year term.
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament (Althing), which consists of 63 seats.
A.Overview of political situation
General elections were last held on May 10, 2003. The parties which had participated in the former coalition government, i.e., the Independence Party (EN) of Prime Minister Mr. Iddsson (22 seats) and the Progressive Party (NN) of the Foreign Minister Mr. Asgrimsson (12 seats), formed a coalition government for the fourth consecutive time with Mr.Oddson as Prime Minister.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Greece and Iceland are NATO allies.
Visits
President of Iceland Mr. Grimsson to Greece (18-20.9.2001) .
D. Bilateral issues
- Bilateral economic relations are not particularly developed, as the trade volume is very low due to the large distance and the small Icelandic market. The balance of trade was negative for Greece in 2000 ($0.6m). In 2000, Greece's imports (mainly frozen fish, 5000 tons yearly, equipment for the food and beverages industry, pharmaceuticals) totalled $2.9m and its exports (olive oil, cosmetics, aluminium products, furs, paper) $2.3m.
- Iceland's Ambassador in London is cross-accredited to Greece, and Greece's Ambassador in Norway is cross-accredited to Reykjavik.
- Since 1998 there has been an Honorary Greek Consulate in Reykjavik, with Consul Mr. Gardar Halldorsson.
REPUBLIC OF LATVIA
A. General facts
Area 64,589 sq km
Population 2,400,000
Population growth rate -0.77% (2002 est.)
Head of state Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since July 1999)
Prime Minister Einars REPSE (since 7 November 2002)
Foreign Minister Sandra KALNIETE (since November 2002)
Currency Lat
The Republic of Latvia is a Parliamentary Republic. Head of State is the President, who is elected for four-year terms by the Parliament.
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament (or Saeima), which consists of 100 seats, and whose members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms.
B. Overview of political situation
General elections were last held on 5 October, 2002. On 5.11.2002 a new, 16-member government formed, following the coalition of 4 parties: New Era (26 seats, leader: Einars Repse) / Greens and Farmers Union (12 Seats) / First Party (10 Seats) / Fatherland and Freedom (7 seats), with a total of 55 seats out of 100.
C. Overview of bilateral relations with Latvia / visits
Greece and Latvia will be partners in the EU and NATO allies in the near future, given that Latvia will become a full member of the European Union by 1 May 2004, while it is expected that, within the same period, the process of its accession to NATO will have been completed.
Visits
- President of the Republic of Latvia Mrs Vaire-Vike Freiberga to Athens 27-29 March 2002.
- Alternate MFA of the Hellenic Republic Mr Giannitsis to Latvia, 29.6-1.7.2002.
D. Other fields of bilateral relations
- Bilateral trade is not particularly developed between the two countries. According to the Latvian Ministry of Finance, Greek investment in Latvia consists of 10 Greek companies with an investment capital of 640,000 USD. The trade balance remains positive for Greece, with the exception of 1998 (in 1999 +5,063,000 USD).
- Cultural relations between the two countries are regulated by the Agreement on Culture, Education and Science. Greece has proposed the meeting of the Cultural Committee in Riga in order to sign the First Implementation Program on the Agreement.
- It is estimated that 500 Greeks reside in Latvia.
REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA
A. General facts
Area 65,300 sq. km
Population 3,700,000
Population growth rate -0.25%
Head of State Rolandas Paksas
Prime Minister Algirdas Brazauskas
Foreign Minister Antanas Valionis
Currency Litas
The Republic of Lithuania is a Parliamentary Republic. Head of State is the President, who is elected by popular vote for five-year terms. The country's foreign and defence policy is under the President's authority.
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament (Saeima), which consists of 141 members, elected for four-year terms.
B. Overview of political situation
General elections were last held on 8.10.2000. After the dissolution, on 19.6.2001, of the coalition government that was formed under Prime Minister Mr Paksas, the President of the Republic ordered Mr. Brazauskas, leader of the Social democrats and ex-Prime Minister to go ahead with the formation of a new government. The new Government received a vote of confidence from the Parliament in July 2001.
C. Overview of Bilateral relations with Greece / visits
Greece and Lithuania will be partners in the EU and NATO allies in the near future, given that Lithuania will become a full member of the European Union by 1 May 2004, while during the same period the process of its accession to NATO is expected to be completed.
Visits
- Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic Mr. G. Papandreou to Vilnius, 24-25.02.2002.
- Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (on European Affairs) of the Republic of Lithuania Mr. Martikonis to Athens, 26.04.2002.
- The President of the Republic of Lithuania Mr. V. Adamkus to Athens, 15-17.05.2002.
- Alternate Minister of foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic Mr. Giannitsis to Lithuania, 2.7.2002
- Meeting of the President of the Hellenic Republic Mr. Stefanopoulos with his Lithuanian counterpart, Mr. Paksas, Athens 15.4.2003.
D. Other fields of bilateral relations
- The trade balance between the two countries in 2002 was positive (+155%) for Greece. Lithuania's exports to Greece totaled 1.1 million and its imports from Greece 8.2 million. Approximately 24 Greek companies are established in Lithuania.
- Cultural Relations between the two countries are ruled by the bilateral Cultural Agreement. The signature of the relevant Implementation Program is pending.
- There are approximately 400 Greeks living in Lithuania.
REPUBLIC OF POLAND
A. General facts
Area 312,680 sq. km
Population 39,000,000
Population growth rate -0.02%(2002 est.)
Head of state Mr Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI
Prime Minister Mr Leszek MILLER
Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr W. CIMOSZSEWICZ
Currency Zloty
The Republic of Poland is a Parliamentary Democracy. The Head of State is the President, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term (last elections held 8 October 2000)
Legislative authority is exercised by the National Assembly, which consists of the Sejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) and the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms).
A. Overview of Political Situation
The current parliament was elected on 23 September 2001 and no party gained a majority, but the Democratic Left (SLD) won the most seats and was able to form a coalition government (with a total of 258 seats out of 460), comprising SLD (206 seats, 41%), UP (10 seats, 1%) and PSL (42 seats, 9%). On 1 March, the PSL left the government, leaving the SLD & UP to govern as a minority.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Greece and Poland are NATO allies and will soon be partners in the EU, given that Poland, having signed the Accession Treaty in Athens in 16.04.2002, will become a full member by 1 May 2004.
Visits
- Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic Mr Papandreou to Warsaw 22-24/02/2002
- Alternate Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Republic of Poland Mrs Hubner to Athens, 28/05/2002.
D. Bilateral issues
- The volume of trade, although increasing since the 90's, still remains low ($255m in 2002). Greek investment is also low, but 2-3 Greek companies have established themselves in Poland during the last two years.
- Greece ranks sixth as Poland's favourite tourist destination -approximately 800,000 Polish tourists visited Greece in 2001.
- An estimated 4,000 Greeks live in Poland.
- The Cultural Agreement between the two countries, which was signed in 1976, is implemented through Implementation Programmes, The most recent of which covered the period 1997-2000.
FINLAND
A. General facts
Area 338,145 km2
Population 5,160,000
Population growth rate 0.14%
President Tarja HALONEN (SDP)
Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (EESK)
Minister of Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja (SDP)
Currency Euro
Finland is a Parliamentary Republic. The Head of State is the President of the Republic, T. Halonen.
The legislative branch consists of the Parliament (Eduskunda), whose 200 members are elected for a four-year term.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last election, on 15 March, 2003, the Center Party (KESK) won 55 seats in the Parliament and formed a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Swedish People's Party (SFP), thus securing 116 seats. The opposition parties (National Coalition Party, Leftist Alliance, Green League, Finnish Christian Democratic Party and other smaller ones) occupy 84 seats.
C. Overview of bilateral relations
Both countries are partners in the European Union
Areas of bilateral interest
- Trade and economic relations between Greece and Finland have been developing steadily, especially since Finland's accession to the EU in 1995. The total volume of trade between the two countries for the first semester of 2002 reached $233.3 million, of which 42.2 million were Greek exports (iron, steel, fruits and vegetables, clothing) and 191.1 million were Finnish exports (electronic equipment, paper, chemicals, milk products), bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to $148.8 million.
- It is estimated that 150,000 Finns visit Greece every year.
- The Cultural Agreement of 1983 is carried out through implementation programmes. The last such three-year programme was signed in 2002.
- Some 250 Greeks currently live in Finland.
MALTA
A. General facts about Malta
Area 316 km2
Population 391,670 / growth rate :0.73%
Head of State Guido de Marco
Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami (since 6.9.1998-
re-elected on 12.4.2003)
Foreign Minister Joe Borg
Currency Maltese lira
Malta is a Parliamentary Republic. Head of State is the President, who is elected by the Parliament for five-year terms
Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament, which consists of 65 members, elected for five-year terms.
A .Overview of political situation
General elections were last held in April 12, 2003. Dr. Fenech Adami (Nationalist Party) received 51.7% of the votes and 34 seats, while Dr.Sant's Labour Party received 47.6% and 31 seats.
C. Overview of bilateral relations with Greece / visits
Greece and Malta will be partners in the E.U. in the near future, given that Malta, after having signed its Accession Treaty in Athens, on 16.4.2003, is expected to become a full member of the European Union by May 1, 2004.
Visits 2001, 2002
- Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic Mr. Simitis to Malta (24-25.5.2001).
- President of Malta Mr. Guido de Marco to Greece (11-13 /09/ 2002).
D. Areas of bilateral interest
- The trade balance between the two countries shows a surplus for Greece ($91.9m - nine-month period in 2000).
- Approximately 50,000 Greek tourists visit Malta yearly, while 4,000 Maltese tourists visit Greece.
- Cultural Relations between the two countries are regulated by the Cultural Agreement signed in 1976, which is executed via the relevant Implementation Programs.
- Greece's Ambassador to Rome is cross-accredited to Malta.
PORTUGAL
A. General facts
Area 91,985 km2
Population 10,500,000
Population growth rate 0.18%
President of the Republic Jorge SAMPAIO
Prime Minister Jose-Manuel BARROSO
Minister of Foreign Affairs Antonio Martins DA CRUZ
Currency Euro
Portugal is a Parliamentary Republic. The Head of State is the President of the Republic, J. Sampaio.
The legislative branch consists of the Parliament (Assembleia da Republica), whose 230 members are elected for a four-year term.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 17 March, 2002, the Social Democratic Party won 105 seats in the Parliament and formed a coalition government with the Popular Party, thus securing a 119-seat majority. The opposition parties (Socialist Party, the coalition of the Communist Party and the Greens and the Left Block) occupy 111 seats in the Parliament.
C. Overview of bilateral relations
Both countries are partners and allies within the framework of the European Union and NATO.
Bilateral issues
- Economic and trade relations between the two countries are developing at a steady pace. In 2001 Greek exports (petroleum products, cotton fibers, fish, cement, pastry) to Portugal reached 94.9 million and Greek imports from Portugal 101 million, bringing the total trade deficit for Greece to 6.1 million.
- The Cultural Agreement signed in Athens on 10.07.1980 is executed via implementation programmes. The last such three-year programme was signed in 2000.
- Approximately 200 Greeks live in Portugal.
THE SLOVAK REPULIC
A. General facts
Area: 49,035 sq km
Population: 5,403,000
Population growth rate 0.14 %
Head of State Rudolf Schuster
Prime Minister Mikulas Dzurinda
Foreign Minister Eduard Kukan
Currency Slovak Crown (Koruna)
The Slovak Republic is Parliamentary Republic. Head of state is the President, who is elected every five years by the Parliament. Legislative authority is exercised by the Parliament, which is composed of 150 members, elected for a four-year term.
On 1 January 1993, the Slovak Republic became independent following the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
B. Overview of political situation
Elections were most recently held on 20-21 September 2002. The current Prime Minister, Mikulas Dzurinda, heads a coalition government comprised of four parties: SDKU, SMK, KDH, ANO - governing coalition 78 seats (SDKU 28, SMK 20, KDH 15, ANO 15) - opposition 72 seats (HZDS 36, SMER 25, KSS 11). This is Dzurinda's second term, having first become Prime Minister in 1998.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Greece and Slovakia will be partners in the EU and NATO in the near future, given that Slovakia will become a full member of the European Union by 1 May 2004, while during the same period the procedures for its accession to NATO are expected to be concluded.
Visits
- President of the Hellenic Republic Mr. Stefanopoulos to Slovakia (8-10/4/2002).
D. Bilateral issues
- Bilateral trade between Greece and Slovakia is relatively low, but there is room for growth. Trade volume reached $244 million in 2001. Greece holds a very small share (0.18%) of the Slovak market.
- Approximately 50-60 thousand Slovak tourists visit Greece every year.
- The Cultural Agreement signed by Greece and the then Republic of Czechoslovakia, in Prague (10.2.1976), is still in force based on a relevant agreement between Greece and Slovakia after the dissolution of the Republic.
- It is estimated that approximately 300 Greek students and 20 citizens are living in the Slovak Republic.
THE SWISS CONFEDERATION
A. General facts
Area 41,284 km2
Population 7,283,274
Population growth rate 0.24% (2002)
Government type Federal Republic (26 independent
cantons and 2 half-cantons)
Head of State President of the Swiss Confederation
Mr.Pascal Couchepin
Foreign Minister Mrs Micheline Calmy-Rey
Currency Swiss franc
Executive authority is exercised by the seven-member Federal Council, elected by the Federal Assembly, usually from among its own members, for a four-year term. The President of the Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for a one-year term that runs concurrently.
The composition of the Council, according to an agreement between the Swiss political parties, is the following: the four main parties divide the seven Federal Council seats amongst themselves (2 seats each for the Radicals, Christian Democrats and Social Democrats and 1 seat for the Swiss People's Party).
Legislative authority is exercised by the Federal Assembly, which consists of the National Council (200 members) and the Council of States (46 members representing the Cantons).
B. Overview of political situation
General elections were last held in 1999, and the seats of the Federal Assembly (total 200) and the Council of States (total 46) were distributed as follows:
Social Democratic Party: 51-6; Swiss People's Party: 44-7; Radical Free Democratic Party: 43-18; Christian Democratic People's Party: 35-15; Green Party: 9-0; other parties: 18-0.
Mr. Pascal Couchepin, Head of the Department for Home Affairs, is the President of the Swiss Confederation for 2003.
C. 2002, 2003 visits
- Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic Mr. Papandreou to Berne, February 2002.
- Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Swiss Confederation Mr. Deiss to Athens, December 2002.
- President of the Swiss Confederation Mr. Couchepin to Athens, February 2003.
D. Bilateral issues
- The trade balance between the two countries is negative for Greece (-$325.1 million in 2001 with a total volume of trade of $548.7 million). Greece exports textiles, alimentary products, and chemicals to Switzerland, and imports pharmaceuticals, watches, machinery, and electrical apparatuses. In Greece there are 48 Swiss companies in the sector of chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
- The Greek community in Switzerland numbers approximately 11,000.
UNITED KINGDOM
A. General facts
Area 244,800 km2
Population 59,510,000
Population growth rate 0.21%
Head of State Queen Elisabeth II (since 1952)
Prime Minister Tony Blair (Labour Party)
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Jack Straw (Labour Party)
Currency British pound
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Constitutional Ionarchy. Queen Elisabeth II has been the Head of State since 1952.
The legislative branch is comprised of the House of Lords (618 seats), whose members are not elected, and the House of Commons (659 seats), whose members are elected for a five-year term. In the framework of constitutional reforms, the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly of Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999.
B. Overview of political situation
In the last elections, on 7 June, 2001, the ruling Labour Party emerged victorious by a vast majority of 413 seats in the House of Commons. The opposition Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats won 218 seats.
C. Overview of bilateral relations, visits
Both countries are partners and allies within the EU and NATO.
British visits in 2003
- Minister for Trade, Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean in Athens on 26-27.03.2003
- Minister for Europe, Dr. Dennis MacShane in Athens on 22.04.2003
Greek visits in 2003
- Minister of National Defense, Mr. I. Papandoniou in London on 2-5.03.2003.
- Deputy Minister of National Defense, M. L. Lotides in London on 3-5.06.2003.
Bilateral issues
- The United Kingdom is one of Greece's most important trade partners in the EU. In 2002 the total trade deficit for Greece was 616.4 million British pounds. Greek exports (food, clothing, aluminum, cement) to the UK totaled 580 million pounds and British exports totaled 1.1 billion pounds. During the years 2001-2002 Greek imports from the United Kingdom increased by 7.8%, and Greek exports increased by 23.5%. In 2002 Greece ranked 39th among import partners (0.3% of British imports) and 28th among export partners (0.6% of British exports).
- It is estimated that 3 million British tourists visit Greece every year.
- The Mixed Greek-British Cultural Committee implements the Cultural Agreement of 1951.
- It is estimated that 10-15 thousand Greeks live in the United Kingdom. A significant number (approx. 20,000) of Greek students are conducting their studies in various universities and colleges around the country.
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